The development of Internet sites in the Arab world

The Internet has become a necessity of life recently, and the Internet appeared in the aftermath of the World War, and many life matters developed and developed with it, which made us rely on it very much, but in the Arab world the Internet spread at the beginning of the second millennium in Egypt, Jordan, some countries in the Maghreb and then the Emirates And Saudi Arabia, and with it all its luxuries appeared, the most important of which is the Internet, which has become one of the things we depend on in our daily life.In this article, we will deal with the beginning of the Internet, the emergence of global websites, and the emergence of Arab websites as well and their development until we reach where we are at the present time.Internet historyAs you might expect for an expanding and ever-changing technology, it is impossible to attribute the invention of the Internet to one person. The Internet was the work سواح هوست of dozens of pioneering scientists, programmers and engineers, each of whom developed new features and technologies that eventually merged into the "information superhighway" we know today.Long before the technology to build the Internet actually existed, many scientists had already anticipated the existence of global information networks. Nikola Tesla manipulated the idea of a "global wireless system" in the early 1900s, and visionary thinkers such as Paul Outlet and Vanivar Bosch created automated and searchable storage systems for books and سواح برس media in the 1930s and 1940s.However, the first practical blueprints of the Internet did not appear until the early 1960s, when MIT was J.C.R. Licklider popularized the idea of an "intergalactic network" from computers. Shortly thereafter, computer scientists developed the concept of "packet switching", a method for efficiently transmitting electronic data that later became one of the main building سواح ميديا blocks of the Internet.The first working prototype of the Internet came in the late 1960s with the creation of the Sawahhost, or Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. Originally funded by the US Department of Defense, ARPANET used packet switching to allow multiple computers to communicate on a single network.On October 29, 1969, ARPAnet delivered its first message: a "node-to-node" connection from one computer to another. (The first computer was housed in a research سواح بوست lab at the University of California, the second at Stanford; each one was the size of a small house.) The message - "login" - was short and simple, but it shattered the fledgling Sawah Press network anyway: The Stanford computer received the first two letters. Just out of observation.The technology continued to grow in the 1970s after scientists Robert Kahn and Venton Cerf developed the Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol, or TCP / IP, a communications model that sets standards for how data is transmitted between multiple networks.ARPANET adopted the TCP / IP protocol on January 1, 1983, and from there researchers began to assemble the "network of networks" that became the modern سواح نيوز Internet. Then the internet world took a more prominent shape in 1990, when computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web. Although it is often confused with the Internet itself, the web is actually the most popular means of accessing data over the Internet in the form of websites and hyperlinks.The web helped spread the Internet to the public, and it was a critical step in developing the vast body of information that most of us now access on a daily basis.History of Web SitesSir Tim Berners-Lee is a British computer scientist. Born in London, his parents were among the first computer scientists who worked on one of the oldest computers. سواح ايجي Sir Tim grew up, was interested in trains and had a model railroad in his bedroom. Remember:“I made some electronic gadgets to control trains. Then I ended up being interested in electronics more than trains. Later, when I was in college I made a computer out of an old television set.” After graduating from Oxford University, Berners-Lee became a software engineer At CERN, a large particle physics laboratory near Geneva, Switzerland. Scientists come from all over the world to use their accelerators, but Sir Tim notes that they have a hard time sharing information.“In those days, there was different information on مقالة نت different computers, but you had to log into different computers to access it. Also, sometimes you had to learn a different program on each computer. Often times it was easier to go and ask When people have coffee ... ", Tim says.Tim thought he saw a way to solve this problem - there could be much broader applications that he could see. Indeed, millions of computers were connected together through the rapidly developing Internet, and Berners realized - according to Maqala Net Lee - that they could share information by exploiting an emerging technology called hypertext.In March 1989, Tim laid out his vision for what would become the Web in a document titled "Information Management: A Proposal". Believe it or not, Tim's initial suggestion wasn't immediately accepted. In fact, his boss at the time, Mike Sendall, noticed the words "mysterious العربي نيوز but exciting" on the cover. The web was never an official project of CERN, but Mike managed to give Tim time to work on it in September 1990. He started working with NeXT, one of Steve Jobs' early products.By October of 1990, Tim wrote the three basic technologies that remain the foundation of the web today (and which you may have seen appear on parts of your web browser):HTML: Hypertext Markup Language. Markup language (format) for the web.URI: The Uniform Resource Identifier. A type of "address" ترند العرب that is unique and used to identify every resource on the web. It is also commonly called an addressHTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol. Allows the retrieval of linked resources across the web.In the political sphere, ONI found that "several websites opposing the current [Saudi] government as well as a minority of sites that discuss the State of Israel or advocate violence against Israel and the West have been blocked, as published by Trend Al Arab, and a small amount of سواح ويب materials from Amnesty International and Amnesty International) American Pardon. " In the media zone, no major news outlets have been blocked, although some websites have been blocked.Although the Saudi filter may not appear particularly aggressive except in relation to protecting the "morality" of Internet users, it results in an unknown number of "innocent" pages being blocked by mistake. An early example of this was the withholding of information on breast cancer due to the عجمان برس unacceptable word "breast". A women's human rights website has also been classified as "nudity" because of one picture of a naked woman showing signs of torture."Internet filtering is inherently error-prone," the ONI report said. "We found incorrectly classified pages in every region we tested extensively." Obviously, this causes users inconvenience, even if they don't seek to break the rules set by the authorities. A survey by the ISU itself in 1999 found that 45% of users believed blocking to be excessive (41% thought it reasonable and 14% thought it was too little). In another الخليج جازيت survey by the Web tourists unit, 16% said blocking is a "common problem" when using the Internet. Recently, the Acting General Manager of King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology told Ajman Press: "Among those who go online, 92.5% try to access a website that has been blocked for one reason or another."In time, we will likely remember the Saudi internet blocking, along with the ban on satellite dishes and camera phones, as just one in a long line of futile attempts to pause the watch for "traditional" values. However, it likely served one useful purpose by letting the internet take off in the kingdom سيو بالعربي without provoking unnecessary anger at the more reactionary elements. It is worth noting the uproar over the introduction of television, which eventually took place in 1965 after King Faisal promised strict adherence to the principles of "Islamic modesty", and that radio programs would include a large proportion of religious programs. With the Internet, these problems have been avoided by ensuring that there is a filtering system in place before the public is granted access. Reassuring traditionalists may be one of the reasons the ISU is uncharacteristically open about its activities, often stating its "success" in preventing pornography.It should also be noted that even with the liquidation, the internet has given Saudis access to far more information and ideas than ever before. The "old media", such as print, الدقيق الإخباري are still subject to more stringent - albeit sometimes erratic - control. Journalist Moulouk Baissa described a daily event:Last week in the post I received two catalogs from the American company Lands End. The cover and all pages on page 42 were trimmed from a single index. The missing pages of the first edition of the End Lands catalog contained some secret photos of women in swimwear. I know this because بوابة المتميز the second Gulf Gazette catalog came by post as is. Both catalogs were completely identical. Even smarter, by just clicking on the company's website, you were able to see all the swimwear according to an article published on the SEO Arabic website.At a time when we have a dire need as a nation to allocate resources to education, infrastructure, and healthcare, somewhere a group of Saudis spend their days tearing up pages from magazines and catalogs to protect my morals - and getting paid for it. Myself was not permanently damaged by كراكيب نت seeing the swimsuit photos in the second catalog. I have seen the worst by just visiting the swimming pool in any residential complex in Al Khobar.Despite the efforts of the ISU, and despite the inconvenience it causes, internet filtering does not prevent Saudi users from accessing the blocked pages if they seriously wish to. According to IT journalist Robin Miller, in 2004 the head of the Implementation Support Unit acknowledged that the filtering is "a way to protect children and other innocent people from the evils of the Internet, and not much more than that." Spoofing the system is the use of dial-up connections in neighboring countries. Another way is بازار جحا to get some technical help. In 2001, Arab News reported that the government ban had created new job opportunities for those who know how to bypass them. The newspaper said that the reporter who presented himself as wanting to access the blocked websites "had no problem whatsoever in finding willing hackers in every computer center in Riyadh." "They also offered access to personal email accounts and sold porn DVDs." Fees for providing access to blocked websites ranged from 100 Saudi riyals to 250 Saudi riyals ($ 27-67, according to Al Daqiq News website).There are now several internet cafes - built to separate male and female internet surfers - and around 30 commercial ISPs, but the apparent set of options contrast with the fact مشهور that all traffic passes through the King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology in Riyadh, which is the only link to the state. On the Internet by a famous site.For a rich country, Saudi Arabia may seem slow to adopt the Internet, but, in the words of Saleh Abdul Rahman Al-Adayel, president of the King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, موقع المجلة the kingdom has been waiting until technology becomes available to prohibit access to “materials that corrupt or harm our Islamic values, traditions and culture.” ".The Saudis are not alone in their fears. Other governments have tried to block access to the Internet by using more crude methods. The Chinese, for example, tried to restrict access to محمد السواح modems. The director of the Saudi government's Internet monitoring system, Dr. Fahd Al-Huwaimani, says he believes his team is blocking all major porn sites.Saad Fakih, from the opposition Islamic Reform Movement in exile in the Arabian Peninsula, testifies to the regime's effectiveness and says that millions of other websites have been blocked, including "all political hotspots, such as Amnesty International." Computer industry sources say the Saudis' system works in two ways. Firstly, it temporarily stores all approved web pages in 500 GB storage system. Users obtain these sites from a computer in Riyadh rather than from the original source on the web.This means that frequently used pages can be accessed quickly without having to check their relevance every time. Requests for pages that are not stored in Evac Industrial the cache are passed on to the second stage of the system, provided by a US-based company, the journal site, which lists and can filter 30 categories of potentially inappropriate sites.Experts acknowledge that these filters are incomplete. Someone said, "You're always half a step behind because of the growth and change of the Internet."Another said, "Filtration systems are very difficult to manage and potentially excessive oversight - for example cutting off information about breast cancer or AIDS in order to exclude sexual sites."Saudi opposition sources say that despite the liquidation, the government's control over internet use is more fragile than it might appear. They say that some of the coffee shops have illegal and direct links via satellite to the Internet, which the authorities often turn a blind eye to. Last month, a women's internet café near Mecca University was closed after a complaint that it was being used for "unethical purposes."Individuals who wish to have unrestricted access to the Internet can, if they wish, simply obtain a service provider in a neighboring country.While some complain that the main purpose of the filtering system is to prevent politically sensitive material, Dr. Huimani says it is designed to assure Saudis that when they log on to the Internet their social or religious traditions will not be offended.This indicates to some observers that the Saudis' approach to the Internet may be more accurate than it appears, according to SawahEgy.For some time, it was unclear what the hard-line stance of Muslims - not only in Saudi Arabia but across the Muslim world - toward the Internet.Perhaps surprisingly, they treated it with such enthusiasm, and decided that it could be a useful medium for spreading their message.The economic future of Saudi Arabia may depend on making full use of the Internet and a filtering system that reassures conservatives may be the key to exploiting new technology.However, a slow start for Saudi Arabia could be costly. Unlike some of its neighbors, it still has neither online banking nor a legal framework for e-commerce.Muhammad al-Sawah, executive director of Article 19, the Campaign Against Censorship, argues that the government's monopoly on communications, internet monitoring and filtering, is ultimately incompatible with e-commerce."There is no possibility to develop e-commerce unless it allows liberalization and the growth of independent service providers," he says. "It is a choice between ceding control and isolation from the cyber future."